水稻田里“冒泡”怎么办？

   黑龙江省寒地水稻在7-8月份，田间常会出现“冒泡”现象，当遇到这种现象时应及时晾田，释放硫化氢、甲烷、氨气等有毒气体；在无低温冷害的条件下，水稻出穗前再排水晾田2-3天，向土壤中通气，促使水稻根系发育，做到以水换气、以气养根，以根保叶、以叶保产。

晾田条件

   晾田的轻重程度和方法要根据土壤、施肥和水稻长势等情况而定，要有灵＊＊＊，要因地制宜，适时、适度，关键在“五看”：

一看苗晾田

   茎数足、叶色浓、长势旺盛的稻田要早晾田、重晾田，反之应迟晾田和轻晾田；禾苗长势一般，茎数不足、叶片色泽不十分浓绿的，采取中晾、轻晾或不晾。

二看土质晾田

   肥田、低洼田、冷凉田宜重晾田，反之，瘦田、高坑田应轻晾田。碱性重的田可轻晾或不晾。土壤渗漏能力强的稻田，采取间歇灌溉方式，一般不必晾田。稻草还田，施入大量有机肥，发生强烈还原作用的稻田须晾田。

另一种说法认为，近代以来关于罗马梵蒂冈的和哥白尼的日心说的斗争是被严重夸大的。布鲁诺1600年遭受火刑的原因，并非因知行星围绕太阳作圆周运动。然而，人们是否能接受哥白尼提出的新的宇宙模式呢？全世界的人——尤其是权力极大的天主教会是否相信太阳是宇宙中心这一说法呢？由于害怕教会的惩罚，哥白尼在世时不敢公开他的发现。1543年，这一发现才公诸天下。即使在那个时候，哥白尼的发现还不断受到教会高无上的真理，凡是违背＊＊＊经的学说，Eighteen months passed. The Chief was in Quebec with Hannah and Abbie awaiting the arrival of Rug, who had been sent by his father to the Mother Land to dispose of two cargoes of timber. It was an unusually cold evening in June. Snow had been falling all day. The neighboring hills were covered with large feathery crystals, which, however, soon melted as the sun appeared for a moment before sinking behind the gray walls of the Castle St. Louis. Just as the evening gun was fired, news had reached the union Hotel that a vessel had been sighted near the Island of Orleans. It was ascertained that it w against a sea voyage from the time they left Liverpool. Nor is this all, he said; I have something better still on board for the new settlement, namely, twenty-five English families, who are going to take up land in the township and pay for it in work. And who nearly turned mutineers, added the captain, slapping him on the shoulder, did they not, Wright? How was that? asked the Chief. When we boarded the vessel at Liverpool, replied Rug, some were bright and cheerful, but most of them were in tears, which showed that they did not leave the Old Land without a struggle. We soon weighed anchor and were under sail with a fair wind, but it came round to the east and blew fresher, so that we were forced to come to anchor not far from the place we left. The ship, as you may see, was fitted up for the timber trade, and has only a small cabin or quarter-deck. On each side are ranged two tiers of berths for passengers providing their own bedding. Along the open space in the middle we placed two rows of large chests which were used sometimes as tables, sometimes as seats—all of which I shall show you presently. There was much noise and confusion before all found berths; crying children, swearing sailors, scolding women, who had not been able to secure the beds they wanted, produced a chorus of a very melancholy nature. The disagreeableness of it was heightened by the darkness of the night and the rolling and a new and better country. As we neared the banks of Newfoundland a most extraordinary phenomenon was produced by the dashing of the salt water against the bow of the ship in the evening. The water seemed on fire and produced a very fine effect. The next day a mass of ice appeared about two hundred yards distant. It was almost half a mile in length, and was moving south-east. Soon after we found the channel between Cape Breton and Cape Ray, and got into the ice. The captain sent eight men to the bow with fenders. One piece knocked splinters off the bow and threw us all down. About five days later we reached the Island of Anticosti, but I was too ill to see it. We saw porpoises in shoals plunging about the ship, while the sailors tried to harpoon them beneath the bow. About two hundred and eighty miles below Quebec the pilot came on board. His number was painted in large characters on his sail as well as on his boat. He had a cask of fresh water and some maple sugar, which he sold at an extortionate price to the passengers. Near Bic Island we saw whales spouting water at a great height, and a habitant came out in a boat with a large basket of eggs, which he disposed of at a shilling per dozen, and so we continued on until the domes and towers of Quebec came in sight and I began to realize the inexpressible joy of being at home once more.* * Diary of Rev. Robert Bell and letters of R. Wright. Rug was a young man of great executive ability, a young man whose word could be relied upon with absolute certainty, a young man who proved himself the very soul of honor in all his business transactions.都被斥为“异端邪说”，凡是反对＊＊＊权统治的人，都被处以火刑。新兴的资产阶级为自己的生存和发展，掀起了一场反对封建制度和教会迷信思想的斗争，出现了人文主义的思潮。他们使用的战斗武器，＊＊＊未被＊＊＊学染污的古希腊的哲学、科学和文艺。这＊＊＊震撼欧洲的文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴首先发生于意大利，很快就扩大到波兰及欧洲其他国家。与此同时，商业的活跃也促进了对外贸易的发展。在“黄金”这个符咒的驱使下，许多欧洲冒险者远航非洲、印度及整个远东地区。远洋航行需要丰富的天文和地理知识，从实际中积累起来的观测资料，使人们感到当时流行的“地静天动”的宇宙 CHAPTER IV. AN INDIAN SUITOR. 1803. Machecawa and his friend O'Jawescawa became frequent visitors at the Wigwam. They would come in the morning, uninvited, and sit silently all day long before the open fire and observe all that was going on. The spinning-wheel and hand-loom were objects of unceasing interest to them, and though it proved a great distraction to the children in their studies, and to the girls in the performance of their domestic duties, to have them there, they were always treated not only with respect but with consideration and kindness. One morning Machecawa stood gazing intently into the fire. His face wore an expression of perplexity. At length he turned to the White Chief, who was explaining a mathematical problem to one of his boys, and said: Big Injun, he want to speak his thoughts from books. He want to know white man's Manitou. May I teach him, father? Just for an hour every day? said Chrissy, a tall, fair, thoughtful girl of seventyour neck, Machecawa? said Bearie, the second son, a short, well knit, sturdy-looking youth of eighteen, whose every expression reflected a bright, happy, generous disposition. She am my Manitou, replied the Indian. &q39;you no eat no teeng seex days.' By em by I am dream some teeng, me, dat some teeng she am my manitou. She help me kill beeg bear; she mak dem Iroquois dogs run like one wild moose. My fadder she am pleese; she make my manitou on my arm—see! he said, rolling up his sleeve. On his shoulder was the rude outline of a fish, which had been tatooed with sharp bones and with the juice of berries rubbed in. But what is in the little bag? asked Bearie. Will you let me see it? After a good deal of reluctance he gave in at last, and two curious boys untied the precious parcel, while the others, equally curious, looked over his shoulders at a few old broken fish bones which were all the little bag contained. Well, old man, said Bearie, slowly replacing the sacred relics, we put our faith in something better than that. The white man trusts the Great Spirit in heaven to care for him and to take him to heaven when he dies. Any bear in hebben? asked the Indian. No, said Bearie, only good people. Dat hebben she am no good for big Injun, said Machecawa, sadly. De happy hunting ground she am full of moose, buffalo, bear, beaver. She am far, far away at de end of land, where de sun she sleep—two, tree moons away. One beeg dog she am cross, an' she bark at dead Injun, but he go on, an' on, an' on, an' den he am glad. It began to dawn upon the vigilant mother at length that it was not so much the wonders of civilization nor the desire to speak his thoughts from books that led Machecawa day after day to the Wigwam, as an ever-increasing interest in her fun-loving daughter, Abbie, who was a year younger than Chrissy, and who seemed unconscious of the fact that the eyes of the red chief were ever upon her.学说值得怀疑，这就要求人们进一步去探索宇宙的秘密，从而推进了天文学和地理学的发展。1492年，意大利＊＊＊的航海家哥伦布发现新大陆，麦哲伦和他的同伴绕地球一周，证明地球是圆形的，使人们开始真正认识地球。[4] 对他国的影响 在教会严密控制下的中世纪，也发生过轰轰烈烈的宗教革命。因为天主教的很多教义不符合＊＊＊经的教诲，而加入了太多教皇的个人意志以及各类＊＊＊学家的自身成果，所以很多信徒开始质疑天主教的教义和组织，发起回归＊＊＊经的行动来。捷克的爱国主义者、布拉格大学校长扬·胡斯（1369～1415年）在君士坦丁堡的宗教会议上公开谴责德意志封建主与天主教会对捷克的压迫和剥削。他虽然被反动教会处以火刑，但他的革命活动在社会上引起了强烈的反应。捷克农民在胡斯党人的旗帜下举行起义，这次运动也波及波兰。1517年，在德国，马丁·路德（1483～1546年）反对教会贩＊＊＊赎罪符，与罗马教皇公开决裂。1521年，路德又在沃尔姆国会上揭露罗马教廷的罪恶，并提出建立基督教新教的主张。新教的教义得到许多国家的支持，波兰也深＊＊＊

三看天气晾田

   晴天气温高、蒸发蒸腾量大，晾田时间宜短，天气阴雨要早晾，时间要长些。晾田要求排灌迅速，既能晾的干净，又能灌的及时。但要注意若晾田期间遇到连续降雨，应疏通排水，及时将雨水排出，不积水。晾田后复水时，不宜马上深灌、连续淹水，要采取间歇灌溉，逐渐建立水层。

四看肥力晾田

   对于施肥过多，长势比较旺盛的稻田要适时晾田。

五看水源情况晾田

   地势低洼，地下水位高，排水不良，7、8月份出现冒泡现象的烂泥田须晾田。                

晾田的作用

   1、有 效控制无效分蘖，利于有 效分蘖的茎穗成长，为在预期亩穗数的基础上争取穗大粒重创造条件。                        

   2、增强土壤通透性，排出田间硫化氢、氨气、甲烷等有毒气体，增加土壤氧气含量，促使根系发育下扎，提高根系＊＊＊，同时，促使有机质分解，增加土壤养分释放，为下一阶段水稻生育提供良好的肥力条件。

   3、改变群体结构，使基部节间缩短，适当控制后期几片叶的长度，使通风透光良好，底叶不早衰，提高抗倒伏能力。

   4、有利于成熟期间养分的运转，提高结实率和粒重。

   5、改变田间小气候条件，增强水稻＊＊＊性，特别是防御病虫害的能力。